The origins of pillow fillings can be traced back to the Middle Paleolithic period, when early humans likely used stones, wooden sticks, and firewood. In my country, the first fully formed pillow appeared during the Shang Dynasty, with the earliest known physical example being a Warring States period bamboo pillow unearthed from Chu Tomb No. 1 in Mashan, Hubei Province. Porcelain pillows emerged and became popular during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, reaching their peak in the Song Dynasty, before being gradually replaced by softer pillows such as cloth and buckwheat hull pillows during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Ancient pillow fillings were often made of bamboo, wood, stone, ceramics, and metal, and were typically tall and firm, some used for neck support. Specialty pillows also existed, such as medicinal pillows (e.g., chrysanthemum pillows, magnetic pillows) and soft pillows (e.g., silk and pearl pillows). Ancient medical beliefs held that sleeping on a firm pillow could promote wisdom, with the saying "a high pillow brings peace of mind," but modern medicine considers long-term use of high pillows to be a contributing factor to cervical spine problems.
Modern pillow filling technology has evolved from traditional materials to a stage that emphasizes the integration of ergonomics and technology. Industry trends in 2026 show that filling materials now include TPE thermoplastic elastomer tubing, bio-based MDI cold-foamed polyurethane, non-temperature-sensitive memory foam, and natural latex, with characteristics involving elastic modulus, damping properties, and environmental certifications (such as USDA bio-based and CertiPUR-US). Design focuses on zoned support (basal depressor zone, cervical support zone, and side-sleeping support zone), height adjustability (6-8cm recommended for supine sleeping, and the same as shoulder width for side sleeping), and microclimate control (such as PCM thermostatic material). Some materials (such as TPE) are machine washable for easy cleaning and maintenance. The core of modern pillow development is shifting from simple support to technological products designed to adapt to individual differences and focus on sleep comfort.